THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
| Usage of incentives | Coordinate operations of freight actors. Optimal usage of transport chains. |
| Inter-firm alliances | Vertical integration (along transport chains). Horizontal integration (between competitors). Alliance between a maritime shipping company and a terminal operator (vertical). Equipment / container pools (horizontal). |
| Organizational scope | Vertical integration where an actor decides
to penetrate a new market. A maritime shipping company involved in port terminal operations. A port authority developing an inland port. |
| Collective action | Public / private partnerships to create logistics
parks. Each actor contributes within its realm of expertise. Development of multiplying effects. |
Source: adapted from Van der Horst, M.R. and P.W. de Langen (2008), Coordination in hinterland transport chains: a major challenge for the seaport community, Journal of Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 10, pp. 108-129.