Transportation systems are linked with a wide range of environmental considerations at all geographical scales, from global warming to local smog and noise. The nature of these environmental impacts is related to the transport modes themselves, their energy supply systems, their emissions and the infrastructures over which they operate. While consuming large quantities of energy, especially oil, vehicles also emits numerous pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and noise and transport infrastructures have damaged many ecological systems. Many of the environmental impacts of transport systems have been externalized, implying that the benefits of mobility are realized by a few while the costs are assumed by the whole society. The spatial structure of economics activities, notably their land use, is also increasingly linked with environmental impacts.

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